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Drang nach Osten
''Drang nach Osten'' (German for "yearning for the East",〔Pim den Boer, Peter Bugge, Ole Wæver, Kevin Wilson, W. J. van der Dussen, Ole Waever, European Association of Distance Teaching Universities, ''The history of the idea of Europe'', 1995, p. 93, ISBN 0-415-12415-8, ISBN 978-0-415-12415-7〕 "thrust toward the East",〔Ulrich Best, ''Transgression as a Rule: German-Polish cross-border cooperation, border discourse and EU-enlargement'', 2008, p. 58, ISBN 3-8258-0654-5, ISBN 978-3-8258-0654-5〕 "push eastward",〔Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, ''Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945'', 1996, p. 118, ISBN 0-313-26007-9, ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0〕 "drive toward the East"〔Edmund Jan Osmańczyk, Anthony Mango, ''Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements'', 2003, p. 579, ISBN 0-415-93921-6, ISBN 978-0-415-93921-8〕 or "desire to push East"〔Marcin Zaborowski, ''Germany, Poland and Europe'', p. 32〕) was a term coined in the 19th century to designate German expansion into Slavic lands.〔 The term became a motto of the German nationalist movement in the late nineteenth century.〔W. Wippermann, Der "deutsche Drang nach Osten": Ideologie und Wirklichkeit eines politischen Schlagwortes, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1981, p. 87〕 In some historical discourses, "Drang nach Osten" combines historical German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe, medieval military expeditions like the ones of the Teutonic Knights, and Germanisation policies and warfare of Modern Age German states like the Nazi Lebensraum concept.〔〔Ingo Haar, ''Historiker im Nationalsozialismus'', p. 17〕 In Poland, the term "Drang nach Osten" was used in nationalist discourse seeing Poland as a nation suffering at the hands of the German enemy,〔 while on the German side the slogan was part of a wider nationalist discourse approving the medieval settlement in the east and the idea of the "superiority of German culture".〔 The slogan Drang nach Westen ("thrust toward the West") derived from "Drang nach Osten" was used to depict an alleged Polish drive westward.〔〔Bascom Barry Hayes, ''Bismarck and Mitteleuropa, 1994, p.17, ISBN 0838635121, 9780838635124〕 It was one of the core elements of German nationalism and part of Nazi ideology; as Adolf Hitler said on 7 February 1945: ''It is eastwards, only and always eastwards, that the veins of our race must expand. It is the direction which Nature herself has decreed for the expansion of the German peoples.''〔''Hitler, a chronology of his life and time''. Milan Hauner, Macmillan, 1983, p. 197〕
==Origin of the term==
The first known use of "Drang nach Osten" was by the Polish journalist Julian Klaczko in 1849, yet it is debatable whether he invented the term as he used it in form of a citation.〔Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski, ''Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik'', 2003, p. 34, ISBN 3-406-49436-6, ISBN 978-3-406-49436-9〕 Because the term is used almost exclusively in its German form in English, Polish, Russian, Czech and other languages, it has been concluded that the term is of German origin.〔
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